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R. Sivasankar ¹, k. Chennaiah ¹, K. Sathyavelu Reddy ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi A.P., IN

Abstract

Pathogen free, wistar strain male albino rats were used in the present study.Age matched rats were divided into 4 groups of six in each group and treated as Normal control (NC) (Control rats received 0.9% saline), Nicotine treated (Nt) (at a dose of 0.6 mg/ kg body weight by subcutaneous injection for a period of 2 months), Nicotine treated + Red Grape extract treated (Nt+RGEt) (Nicotine at a dose of 0.6 mg/ kg body weight by subcutaneous injection and red grape extract 25 mg/kg body weight via orogastric tube for a period of 2 months), Nicotine treated + Red grape extract treated (Nicotine at a dose of 0.6 mg/ kg body weight by subcutaneous injection for a period of 2 months, red grape extract at a doses of 50 mg/ kg body weight via orogastric tube for a period of 2 months). The animals were sacrificed after 24 hrs after the last treatment by cervical dislocation and isolated the skeletal muscle fibres such as gastronemius (GN) and soleus (SOL), measured the activities of alkaline phosphotase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In nicotine treated rats, the activities of ALP, AST, ALT and LDH were significantly increased in the both muscle fibers when compared to control rats. In the combination treatment (Nicotine + Red grape extract), the upregulation was observed, red grape extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight found to be more effective. The levels of glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase(GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) decreased in nicotine treated rats in both muscle fibres and increase was observed in the combination (Nt+RGEt), but at 50 mg/kg body weight found to be more effective. This results stating that red grape extract are beneficial, especially for the nicotine subjects to improve the metabolic efficiency and thereby to improve the health status and life span.

Keywords

Nicotine, Red Grape Extract, Antioxidants,skeletal Muscle Fibres

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K. Khalindar Basha ¹, R. Sivasankar ¹, M. Subahan ¹, K. Chennaiah ¹, K. Sathyavelu Reddy ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati A.P., IN

Abstract

The grape (Vitis vinifera) commercial juice products from Concord grapes have been applied in medical research studies, showing potential benefits against the diseases. Nicotine is most biologically active chemical in tobacco smoke. Nicotine has been reported to induce changes both in vivo and in vitro. Pathogen free, Wistar strain male albino rats were used in the present study, rats were divided into 4 groups of six in each group (i) Normal control (NC) (Control rats received 0.9% saline) ; (ii) Nicotine treated (Nt) (at a dose of 0.6 mg/ kg body weight by subcutaneous injection for a period of 2 months ); (iii) Red Grape extract treated (RGEt) (red grape extract 50mg/kg body weight (after the standardization) via orogastric tube for a period of 2 months.); (IV) Nicotine + Red Grape (Nt+RGEt) (Rats were received the nicotine with a dose as mentioned for Group II through subcutaneous injection and red grape extract as mentioned for group III via orogastric tube for a period of 2 months). The animals were sacrificed after 24 hrs after the last treatment by cervical dislocation and isolated the kidney tissue such as the activites of the levels of Superoxidedismutase(SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH) and Glutathioneperoxidase (GPx), were decreased in nicotine treated rats in the kidney tissue and increase was observed in the combination (Nt+RGEt),but at 50 mg/kg body weight found to be more effective. This results stating that red grape extract treated rats are beneficial, especially for the nicotine subjects to improve the antioxidants enzymes and thereby to improve the health status and life span.

Keywords

Nicotine, Red Grape Extract, Sod, Cat, Gsh, Gpx, Kidney, Male Albino Rat

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N. Somasekhara Reddy ¹, K. R. Shanmugam ¹, K. Munikrishna Reddy ¹, K. Mallikarjuna ², K. Sathyavelu Reddy ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Molecular Biology and Exercise Physiology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati (A.P.), IN
2 Exercise Biochemistry Lab, Taipei Physical Education College, Taipei City, TW

Abstract

Aging is an universal, intrinsic, progressive, irreversible and deleterious phenomenon. As age advances, several enzymes show an increase, while some decrease and some do not show any change in their activities. These specific alterations in the enzymes must have inflicted a great impact on the process of aging. This process is thought to be related to increase in free radicals generation and oxidative stress. In the present study an attempt was made to investigate the impact of exercise training on aging by selecting two age groups (3 months as “young” and 18 months as “old”). Standard protocols were followed for the assay of selective antioxidant enzymes with rat as an animal model. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione (GSH) levels were decreased with the advancement of age. The decline in antioxidant enzymes with age could be due to the disturbances of intracellular prooxidant-antioxiadnt homeostasis, which leads to cell death. However, the activities of SOD, CAT, GR and GPx and levels of GSH were augmented with exercise training in both age groups of rats. The elevation of SOD observed might be aimed at the removal of superoxide anion radicals generated due to aging process. Where as, the increase in GPx activity indicate its active participation in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides generated via dismutation of super oxide anion by SOD. It was concluded that 2 months treadmill exercise is beneficial in order to avoid detrimental effects of free radical generation during the process of aging.

Keywords

Aging, Exercise, Antioxidant Enzymes, Rats.

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